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February 2020 Abstracts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________                                                                                                                                            Review Article

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Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: Current clinical significance and treatment strategy review

 

Jaewon Kim, dds, msd, phd, Du-Hyeong Lee, dds, msd, phd, Rosemary Dziak, ms, phd  &  Sebastian Ciancio, dds

 

Abstract: Purpose: This review paper is intended to provide updated information about the significance of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) related to dental departments and also to provide treatment information. However, it does not review anti-resorptive related osteonecrosis of the jaw (ARONJ). Methods: PubMED was searched for published articles on BRONJ that have particular relevance to clinical aspects in orthodontics, endodontics, periodontics, prosthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, implants and treatment planning.  In vitro and animal studies were excluded. Results: Bisphosphonate therapy has a significant level of importance within all dental departments, and the treatments for BRONJ are diverse without any documented superiority of one over another. (Am J Dent 2020;33:115-128).

 

Clinical significance: Each dental specialty must be aware of the risk of BRONJ in their patients, especially elderly ones with history of bone-related therapy or tumor. No definite consensus is made for some departments due to lack of evidence and rare cases.

 

Mail: Dr. Sebastian Ciancio, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 250 Squire Hall Buffalo, NY 14214, USA. E-mail: ciancio@buffalo.edu

 

 

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________                                                                                                                                            Review Article

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Transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 and protective measures in dental clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic

 

Yingxiao Pan, md, Hengyi Liu, md, Chen Chu, md, Xin Li, md, Siyu Liu, md  &  Shulai Lu, phd

 

Abstract: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a primary challenging public health issue for not only China but also the world. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared that the pandemic of COVID-19 had become a public health emergency of global concern. As of May 12, 2020 COVID-19 has been reported in over 180 countries/regions, with a total of 4,178,156 confirmed cases and over 280,000 deaths. The risk of cross-infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) might be elevated between dental specialists and patients due to the peculiarity of dental practice. Therefore, detailed and effective infection control measures are imminently needed to prevent nosocomial coronavirus infection. This paper, based on proven effective experience, relevant guidelines, and research, not only presents the fundamental knowledge about the name, etiologic characteristics, epidemiologic characteristics and clinical manifestations of COVID-19, transmission routes and risk points of SARS-CoV-2 in dental clinics but also provides recommended protective measures for dental professionals to interdict the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in dental clinics. Classification schemes as well as color identification according to the results of the questionnaire survey and temperature measurement in precheck and triages are innovations proposed in this paper. (Am J Dent 2020;33:129-134).

 

Clinical significance: This paper, based on proven effective experience, relevant guidelines, and research, not only presents the fundamental knowledge about the name, etiologic characteristics, epidemiologic characteristics and clinical manifestations of COVID-19, transmission routes and risk points of SARS-CoV-2 in dental clinics but also provides recommended protective measures for dental professionals to interdict the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in dental clinics.

 

 

Mail: Dr. Shulai Lu, Oral Medical Center of Qingdao Municipal Hospital (Group), Jiaozhou Road 1, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China. E-mail: lshl97@163.com

 

 

 

 

 

 

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                                                                                                                                           Review Article

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Taste and smell as chemosensory dysfunctions in COVID-19 infection

 

Pier Carmine Passarelli, dds, Michele Antonio Lopez, dds, Giuseppe Niccolò Mastandrea Bonaviri, md, Franklin Garcia-Godoy, dds, ms, phd, phd  &  Antonio D’Addona, dds

 

Abstract: Purpose: To review the literature on the presence of two clinical manifestations in patients presenting COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: loss of taste (ageusia) and loss of smell (anosmia). Methods: PubMed and EMBASE were searched and studies were selected starting from November, 2019 until April 2020; also, the references of the selected articles were evaluated for methodological quality. Results: Of the 19 studies analyzed, five were included to evaluate the presence of ageusia and/or anosmia as symptoms in patients who were tested and resulted positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In a total of 10,818 patients, 8,823 presented ageusia (81.6%; range 5.6%-88%) and 8,088 presented anosmia (74.8%; range 5.1-85.6%). Only one study recorded both symptoms with a percentage of 18.6%. (Am J Dent 2020;33:135-137).

 

Clinical significance: This systematic review demonstrated significant presence of ageusia and anosmia in the patients with COVID-19 infection. These symptoms may be considered as the first manifestation of the infection.

 

Mail: Dr. Pier Carmine Passarelli, Department of Head and Neck, Division of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Gemelli University Policlinic Foundation, Rome, Italy. E-mail: piercarmine.passarelli@unicatt.it

 

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________                                                                                                                                         Research Article

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Effect of nanohydroxyapatite associated with photobiomodulation in the control of dentin hypersensitivity: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

 

Cristiane de Melo Alencar, dds, msc,  Mariangela Ivette Guanipa Ortiz, dds, msc,  Fabio Alves Silva, dds, Eliane Bemerguy Alves, dds, msc, phd,  Jesuína Lamartine Nogueira Araújo, dds, msc, phd &  Cecy Martins Silva, dds, msc, phd

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the effect of nanohydroxyapatite (nHAP) associated with photobiomodulation (PBM) in the control of dentin hypersensitivity (DH). Methods: 32 subjects with 83 hypersensitive teeth were randomized into four groups (N =8): GPlacebo - simulated PBM (without light emission) followed by the application of nHAP-free toothpaste; GLaser - PBM followed by the application of nHAP-free toothpaste; GnHAP - simulated PBM followed by the application of nHAP; GLasernHAP - PBM followed by the application of nHAP. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to measure DH after a tactile and evaporative stimulus. DH evaluations were performed at four times: baseline, 1st, and 2nd treatment sessions, and 1 month. A questionnaire was used to evaluate the risk factors associated with DH intensity. Mixed-design ANOVA followed by Tukey test and logistic regression were used. Results: The mechanical stimulus showed a significant reduction in DH in all experimental groups (P< 0.05) at the 2nd treatment session. For the evaporative stimulus, the GLasernHAP group presented a significant reduction in DH at the 1st treatment session (P< 0.05). Intragroup analysis showed that only the GnHAP group showed regression of DH at 1 month for the two applied stimuli. The variables of parafunctional habits, diets rich in acidic drinks and anxiety had significant relationships with the intensity of DH (P< 0.05). (Am J Dent 2020;33:138-144).

 

 

Clinical significance: The use of nHAP and application of PBM to laser are effective in the control of dentin hypersensitivity. However, their association did not enhance the desensitizing effect.

 

 

Mail: Dr. Cecy Martins Silva, Federal University of Para, School of Dentistry, Augusto Correa Avenue, no 1, Guamá, Belém, PA, Brazil, 66075-110.  E-mail: cecymsilva@gmail.com

 

 

 

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________                                                                                                                                        Research Article

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Marginal adaptation and internal indentation resistance of a Class II bulk-fill resin-based composite

 

 

Mohamed A. El Naga, bds, ms, cags,  Fang Qian, ma, mphil, phd,  Gerald E. Denehy, dds, ms,  Ryan L. Quock, dds &  Steven R. Armstrong, dds, phd, fadm

 

 

Abstract: Purpose: To compare the dentin bonded external marginal integrity and the internal surface indentation hardness of bulk-fill and conventional resin-based composite (RBC) placed in both bulk and increments. Methods: 120 MO and DO cavities were prepared in 60 extracted human third molars. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups of 15 teeth per group to be restored as follows: BB (bulk-fill RBC, placed in a 4 mm bulk increment), BL (bulk-fill RBC, placed in 2 mm incremental layers), CB (conventional RBC, placed in a 4 mm bulk increment), and CL (conventional RBC, placed in 2 mm incremental layers). Marginal gaps were measured at mesial and distal dentin gingival cavosurfaces of each tooth using scanning electron microscopy of epoxy resin replicas and Knoop hardness (KHN) was measured at three different RBC depths (1.8, 2.8 and 3.8 mm). Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey’s HSD, and paired-sample t-test or a nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test, as appropriate. Results: There was no significant effect of RBC restoration type on external marginal gap at the distal surface or at the mesial surface among the four groups tested (P> 0.05 in each instance), while no significant difference in external marginal gap was found between the mesial and distal surfaces within groups (P> 0.05 in each instance). The mean RBC internal surface KHN at 1.8 mm depth was significantly greater than at 2.8 mm and 3.8 mm depths in all tested groups (P< 0.05 for all instances), with a similar mean internal hardness between all groups. The bulk-fill RBC restorations demonstrated similar marginal gap formation and Knoop hardness to conventional universal RBC restorations under the conditions of this study. (Am J Dent 2020;33:145-150).

 

 

Clinical significance: Bulk-fill resin-based composite (RBC), from the perspective of marginal adaptation and internal hardness, may be a suitable alternative to conventional RBC.

 

 

Mail: Dr. Ryan Quock, Department of Restorative Dentistry & Prosthodontics, University of Texas School of Dentistry, 7500 Cambridge, Houston, TX  77054, USA. E-mail: Ryan.Quock@uth.tmc.edu

 

 

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                                                                                                                                        Research Article

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Safety and efficacy of a novel toothbrush utilizing RF energy for the reduction of plaque, calculus and gingivitis

 

Kimberly R. Milleman, rdh, bsed, ms,  Liora Levi, phd,  Tori L. Grahovac, bsdh  &  Jeffery L. Milleman, dds, mpa

 

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the ToothWave radiofrequency (RF) toothbrush in the reduction of plaque, calculus and gingival inflammation, as compared to a standard powered toothbrush accepted by the American Dental Association (ADA). Methods: This was a single-blind, double arm, prospective study. Subjects were randomized to one of two treatment groups, receiving either the RF powered toothbrush or a control powered toothbrush, and performing twice daily brushing for a test period of 6 weeks. Plaque (RMNPI), calculus (V-MI), gingival inflammation (MGI) and bleeding (GBI) were assessed at baseline, after 4 and 6 weeks. Comparisons were completed both within and between each treatment group. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Mann Whitney non-parametric model. Results: 85 subjects completed the study and had fully evaluable data. No significant differences between the groups were found in the baseline scores (P≥ 0.165). Following 6 weeks, the RF test group demonstrated statistically significant reductions in plaque, gingivitis and calculus compared to the control powered toothbrush (P≤ 0.001). Both toothbrushes were well-tolerated and no device-related adverse events were reported. The RF-utilizing powered toothbrush produced statistically significant reductions in dental plaque, calculus deposition, gingival inflammation and gingival bleeding as compared to a control powered toothbrush. (Am J Dent 2020;33:151-156).

 

Clinical significance: The RF powered toothbrush used twice daily resulted in an overall improvement in oral health.

 

Mail: Dr. Liora Levi, Director of Clinical Affairs, Home Skinovations Ltd., Tavor Building, Shaar Yokneam, POB 533, Yokneam 2069206, Israel. E-mail: lioral@silkn.com

 

 

 

 

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________                                                                                                                                        Research Article

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Influence of mechanical and chemical degradation on surface gloss of direct and CAD-CAM resin composite materials

 

Stefano Ardu, dds, phd,  René Daher, dds, dr med dent,  Enrico Di Bella, phd,   Isaline Rossier &  Ivo Krejci, dr med dent, phd

 

Abstract: Purpose: To compare the gloss retention of four resin based materials, two direct resin composites (Tetric EvoCeram and Filtek Supreme) and two indirect resin composite CAD-CAM blocks (Tetric CAD and Lava Ultimate). Methods: 36 samples of 1 mm thickness were readied of each test material and manually polished with polishing discs (Sof-Lex) up to the finest grit size. Three gloss measurements per sample were taken (one every 120 degrees of sample rotation) by means of a glossmeter (Novo-Curve) for a total of 60 values obtained per tested material. Samples of each material were then randomly divided into three equal groups and aged with 75% alcohol (Group 1), amine fluoride gel (Elmex gelée) (Group 2) or mechanical brushing (Group 3). Another set of gloss measurements was performed on all samples after 1 hour of aging. Gloss values were statistically evaluated by means of repeated measures ANOVA and Fisher’s LSD post-hoc tests. Results: Gloss retention values ranged from 59.0 (Tetric EvoCeram) to 70.9 (Lava Ultimate) for alcohol, from 59.3 (Filtek Supreme) to 67.5 (Lava Ultimate) for Elmex gelée and from 33.3 (Tetric EvoCeram) to 53.4 (Lava Ultimate) for mechanical brushing. Statistical analysis revealed: (1) significant difference between intial and final gloss values for all materials and groups; (2) significant difference between final gloss values of all the materials in the alcohol group; (3) significant difference between final gloss values of Lava Ultimate and all the other materials in the Elmex gelée group; (4) significant difference between final gloss values of Lava Ultimate and Tetric CAD with the other tested materials in the brushing group. (Am J Dent 2020;33:157-160).

 

Clinical significance: Direct resin composites in general are widely used, and CAD-CAM resin composite materials are becoming progressively more accessible. Making the choice between direct and indirect techniques is still a challenge, and understanding the advantages of CAD-CAM resin composites in the form of higher gloss retention, which translates into higher durability of esthetics, may be one the parameters facilitating the decision.

 

Mail: Dr. Stefano Ardu, Division of Cariology & Endodontology, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. E-mail: stefano.ardu@unige.ch

 

 

 

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________                                                                                                                                        Research Article

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Laboratory screening evaluation of the safety of low pH oral care rinse products to dental enamel

 

Joel Moore, bs,  Donald J. White, phd,  Eva Schneiderman, phd,  Haijing Chen, phd,  Ross Strand, phd &  Julie M. Grender, phd

 

Abstract: Purpose: To assess the hard tissue safety of a variety of low pH oral care rinses to dental enamel in a newly developed screening method. Methods: Bovine enamel specimens were subjected to a cycling model that consisted of commercial mouthrinse product exposures and artificial saliva soaks based on a previously published screening method. The effect of test products on the surface of treated specimens was measured using surface microhardness (SMH). Results are presented as the change in SMH (between sound enamel baseline and cycling final). An assortment of rinse products were assessed relative to distilled water (positive control) and 1% citric acid (negative control). A priori, a product was considered safe if the change in measured SMH values over the course of six treatment cycles was both significantly greater than the negative control and was not significantly different from the positive control. A non-inferiority statistical test was applied to create a quantitative rule defining product safety. Results: Products tested included two rinses with a pH in excess of 5.5, and eight with a pH less than 5.5. Four of the rinses included fluoride, while six did not. Analyses showed that all of the rinse products tested passed the non-inferiority acceptance criteria. One of the 10 marketed oral care rinses failed to meet the a priori criteria needed to be considered safe as the product was significantly better than the negative control but also significantly lower than the positive control treatment. This product had the lowest pH of all products tested and did not contain fluoride. Application of the non-inferiority statistical test showed the questionable product passing safety criteria. As a proposed method for a screening tool, further testing would be recommended based on these results. (Am J Dent 2020;33:161-164).

 

 

Clinical significance: An in vitro enamel safety screening method was applied as an assessment of the enamel demineralization safety to a number of oral care rinse products. Surface microhardness, coupled with a non-inferiority statistical evaluation, provided a reasonable approach for detecting potential product issues. Products failing this screening laboratory method may require additional testing to verify their safety on hard tissues.

 

 

Mail: Dr. Eva Schneiderman, The Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH, USA. E-mail: schneiderman.e@pg.com

 

 

 

 

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________                                                                                                                                        Research Article

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Prospective randomized clinical trial of primary molar crowns: 36-month results

 

Kevin J. Donly, dds, ms,  Maria José Cervantes Méndez, dds, ms,  Claudia Isabel Contreras, dds &  Jungyi Alexis Liu, dds, ms

 

Abstract: Purpose: To clinically evaluate the clinical success of a primary zirconia molar crown, compared with stainless steel crowns (SSCs). Methods: This randomized, controlled clinical trial was designed as a split-mouth study. 50 subjects ranging in age from 3-7 years were recruited to provide a total of 50 paired teeth requiring primary molar crowns, each participant receiving a SSC and zirconia crown. Restorations were evaluated at 6-, 12-, 24-, and 36-month recall appointments examining the following criteria: gingival health, estimate of the degree crown was high in occlusion, surface roughness, staining on crown surface, wear of opposing arch tooth, color match, anatomic form, marginal integrity, marginal discoloration, proximal contact area, secondary caries at crown margin and parent/guardian satisfaction with crown appearance. Results: The 36-month follow up included 23 subjects (46%). 35 crowns (35%) were evaluated; of the 18 zirconia crowns and 17 SSCs, there were no failures at the 36-month evaluation. The only significant differences in the parameters evaluated were parent satisfaction, with the zirconia crown preference (P< 0.05) and gingival health, with the zirconia crowns having healthy adjacent gingiva (P< 0.01). The 36-month results indicated that zirconia primary molar crowns performed similarly to an established SSC for restoration of primary molars. (Am J Dent 2020;33:165-168).

 

Clinical significance: The findings from this study indicated that at 36 months, NuSmile ZR zirconia crowns clinically performed as well as stainless steel crowns.

 

Mail: Dr. Kevin J. Donly, Department of Developmental Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.  E-mail: donly@uthscsa.edu

 

 

 

 

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