Advertisements
Evaluation of anti-gingivitis benefits of stannous
fluoride dentifrice
among triclosan dentifrice users
Tao He, dds, phd, Matthew L. Barker,
phd, Aaron Biesbrock,
dmd, phd, ms, Melanie Miner, bs,
Pejmon Amini, dds, C. Ram Goyal,
dds & Jimmy Qaqish, bsc
Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the anti-gingivitis benefits of a 0.454%
highly bioavailable stannous fluoride dentifrice (SnF2) relative to
a 0.3% triclosan/copolymer dentifrice (triclosan/copolymer) among
triclosan/copolymer dentifrice users with residual gingivitis. Methods: This was a randomized,
controlled, double-blind, parallel group, 2-month clinical study. Self-reported
triclosan/copolymer dentifrice users were recruited and provided with
triclosan/copolymer dentifrice to use for 1 month. After this 1-month acclimation
period, subjects who had residual gingivitis at the baseline visit were
randomized to either the SnF2 dentifrice or the triclosan/copolymer
dentifrice (positive control). Subjects performed their treatment unsupervised
using their assigned dentifrice following manufacturers’ usage instructions for
2 months. The Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) and Modified Gingival Index (MGI)
were used to measure gingivitis benefits at baseline and Month 2. An analysis
of covariance was performed to compare treatment groups for the post-baseline
scores as well as change from baseline, with the baseline score as a covariate.
All comparisons were two-sided at the 0.05 level of significance. Results: A total of 150 subjects were
randomized to treatment. Both treatment groups experienced significant
reductions in number of bleeding sites, gingival bleeding index (GBI), and
gingival inflammation (MGI) relative to baseline (P< 0.001). At Month 2, the
SnF2 dentifrice group demonstrated significantly lower adjusted mean
scores versus the triclosan/copolymer group for number of bleeding sites, GBI,
and MGI (P< 0.001). Between-treatment group comparisons for change from
baseline values showed that the improvement in number of bleeding sites from
baseline for the SnF2 group was 49% greater versus that of the
triclosan/copolymer group (P< 0.001), and the GBI and MGI improve-ments from
baseline for the SnF2 group were 48% and 37%, greater, respectively,
relative to the triclosan/copolymer group (P< 0.001). (Am J Dent 2013;26:175-179).
Clinical significance: The SnF2 dentifrice
was significantly more efficacious than the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice in
reducing gingivitis after 2 months among the triclosan users with residual
gingivitis.
Mail: Dr. Tao He, Procter &
Gamble Health Care Research Center, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040,
USA. E-mail: he.t@pg.com
Chewing gum containing allyl isothiocyanate from
mustard seed extract
Minmin Tian, phd, Anthony
Bryan Hanley, phd, Michael
W.J. Dodds, bds, phd & Ken
Yaegaki, dds, phd
Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the in vivo effect of chewing gum containing allyl
isothiocyanate alone, and in combination with zinc salts on reduction of the
level of volatile sulfur compounds responsible for oral malodor. Methods: 15 healthy volunteers between
the ages of 20-50 chewed either an experimental gum or a placebo gum for 12
minutes. Their mouth air was analyzed for volatile sulfur compounds by a gas
chromatograph at baseline, immediately after chewing, and at 60, 120 and 180
minutes after treatment. Results: The study revealed that allyl isothiocyanate, a constituent of mustard seed
extract, can effectively reduce the concentration of volatile sulfur compounds
in mouth air. Chewing gum containing 0.1% zinc lactate and 0.01% of allyl
isothiocyanate eliminated 89%, 55.5%, 48% and 24% of the total VSC
concentration immediately after chewing and at 1, 2, and 3 hours after chewing,
respectively. (Am J Dent 2013;26:180-184).
Clinical significance: Chewing gum containing low
levels of allyl isothiocyanate can effectively reduce oral malodor. The effect
is strengthened when allyl isothiocyanate is combined with a low level of zinc
lactate.
Mail: Dr. Minmin Tian, Wm.
Wrigley Jr. Company, 1132 West Blackhawk Street, Chicago, IL 60642, USA. E-mail: minmin.tian@wrigley.com
Staining of dentin from amalgam
corrosion is induced by demineralization
Johannes D. Scholtanus, dds, Wietske van der Hoorn, bds, Mutlu Özcan, dmd, phd,
Marie-Charlotte D.N.J.M. Huysmans, dds, phd, Joost F.M.
Roeters, dds, phd, Cornelis J.
Kleverlaan, phd
Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate
the effect of artificial demineralization upon color change of dentin in
contact with dental amalgam. Methods: Sound human molars (n= 34) were embedded in resin and coronal enamel was
removed. Dentin was exposed to artificial caries gel (pH 5.5) at 37ºC for 12
weeks (n= 24). Non-demineralized teeth served as controls (n= the 10). A
dispersive high-Cu amalgam or conventional low-Cu amalgam was condensed onto
dentin surfaces of all groups. After 10 weeks storage in saline, amalgam was
removed and teeth were cut into three slices. Surfaces were inspected under
optical microscopy and photographed. Results: Penetration of black pigments was observed in dentin underneath both high-Cu
and low-Cu amalgams in demineralized specimens. Black deposits were unevenly
distributed and observed predominantly in dentin near to pulp horns.
Discoloration was not limited to outer demineralized dentin but extended beyond
this zone. Evenly distributed bluish-green discoloration was observed
underneath all high-Cu amalgam specimens independent of demineralization. (Am J Dent 2013;26:185-190).
Clinical
significance: Deposition of black corrosion products into dentin was strongly related to
dentin demineralization. An evenly distributed bluish-green discoloration from
high-Cu amalgam was not related to demineralization. However, as black
discoloration extended beyond the demineralized zone, it cannot serve as an
indicator for demineralized dentin.
Mail:
Dr. Johannes D. Scholtanus, Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, Department
of Periodontics and Conservative Dentistry, University Medical Center
Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen,
The Netherlands. E-mail: hans.scholtanus@gmail.com
Effects of a novel fluoride-containing
aluminocalciumsilicate-based
tooth coating material (Nanoseal) on enamel and dentin
Linlin Han, dds, phd & Takashi Okiji, dds, phd
Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the effect of a fluoride-containing
aluminocalciumsilicate nanoparticle glass dispersed aqueous solution (Nanoseal)
on enamel and dentin, under the hypothesis that this material can form
insoluble mineral deposits that confer acid resistance to the tooth structure
and occlude open dentin tubules. Methods: Labial enamel and dentin of human extracted incisors were used. Morphology of
the enamel and dentin artificially demineralized with a lactic acid solution
that before and/or after coated with the test material were analyzed with a
wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy electron probe microanalyzer with an
image observation function (SEM-EPMA). Moreover, incorporation of the calcium
and silicon by enamel and dentin were also detected with SEM-EPMA. Results: Application of the
fluoroaluminocalciumsilicate-based tooth coating material resulted in the
deposition of substances (nanoparticles) onto the enamel surface porosities and
open dentin tubules on the artificial lesions. Prior coating with the test
material reduced the demineralization-induced loss of enamel and dentin.
Moreover, Ca and Si incorporation into superficial enamel and dentin was
detected. (Am J Dent 2013;26:191-195).
Clinical significance: The
fluoroaluminocalciumsilicate-based tooth coating material (Nanoseal) formed
insoluble mineral particles that deposited onto the demineralization-induced
surface porosities, penetrated into open dentin tubules, and increased the
acid-resistance of the enamel and dentin. Such properties may confer this
material dentin desensitizing and anti-caries activities.
Mail: Dr.
Linlin Han, Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics,
Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of
Medical and Dental Sciences, 5274 Gakkocho-dori 2-bancho, Chuo-ku,
Incomplete caries removal and indirect pulp capping
in primary molars:
A randomized controlled trial
Ana Eliza Lemes Bressani, dds,
msc, Adriela
Azevedo Souza Mariath, dds, phd, Alex Nogueira Haas, dds, phd,
Abstract: Purpose: To compare the effect of
incomplete caries removal (ICR) and indirect pulp capping (IPC) with calcium
hydroxide (CH) or an inert material (wax) on color, consistency and
contamination of the remaining dentin of primary molars. Methods: This double-blind, parallel-design, randomized controlled
trial included 30 children presenting one primary molar with deep caries
lesion. Children were randomly assigned after ICR to receive IPC with CH or
wax. All teeth were then restored with resin composite. Baseline dentin color
and consistency were evaluated after ICR, and dentin samples were collected for
contamination analyses using scanning electron microscopy. After 3 months,
restorations were removed and the three parameters were re-evaluated. In both
groups, dentin became significantly darker after 3 months. Results: No cases of yellow dentin were observed after 3 months
with CH compared to 33.3% of the wax cases (P< 0.05). A statistically
significant difference over time was observed only for CH regarding
consistency. CH stimulated a dentin hardening process in a statistically higher
number of cases than wax (86.7% vs. 33.3%; P= 0.008). Contamination changed
significantly over time in CH and wax without significant difference between
groups. It was concluded that CH and wax arrested the carious process of the
remaining carious dentin after indirect pulp capping, but CH showed superior
dentin color and consistency after 3 months. (Am J Dent 2013;26:196-200).
Clinical significance: Indirect pulp capping with resin
composite restorations resulted in the arrest of the caries process in primary
teeth independently of the capping material used, demonstrating that a second
access of deep cavities for removal of remaining carious dentin is not
indicated.
Mail: Dr.
Fernando Araujo, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Porto Alegre-RS, 90035-003, Brazil. E-mail: fernando.araujo@ufrgs.br
Effect of resin composites with sodium
trimetaphosphate with
Adelisa Rodolfo Ferreira Tiveron, dds, phd, Alberto
Carlos Botazzo Delbem, dds, phd, Gabriel Gaban, dds,
Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate
the effect of the addition of sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) with or without
fluoride on enamel demineralization, and the hardness and release of fluoride
and TMP of resin composites. Methods: Bovine enamel slabs (4×3×3 mm) were prepared and selected based on initial
surface hardness (n= 96). Eight experimental resin composites were formulated,
according to the combination of TMP and sodium fluoride (NaF): TMP/NaF-free
(control), 1.6% sodium fluoride (NaF), and 1.5%, 14.1% and 36.8% TMP with and
without 1.6% NaF. Resin composite specimens (n= 24) were attached to the enamel
slabs with wax and the sets were subjected to pH cycling. Next, surface and
cross-sectional hardness and fluoride content of enamel as well as fluoride and
TMP release and hardness of the materials were evaluated. Data were
statistically analyzed using ANOVA (P< 0.05). Results: The presence of fluoride in enamel was similar in
fluoridated resin composites (P> 0.05), but higher than in the other
materials (P< 0.05). The combination of 14.1% TMP and fluoride resulted in
less demineralization, especially on lesion surface (P< 0.05). The presence
of TMP increased fluoride release from the materials and reduced their hardness.
(Am J Dent 2013;26:201-206).
Clinical
significance: The increase of fluoride release and decrease of enamel mineral loss with minor
changes in the material’s hardness obtained with an experimental resin composite
containing fluoride and sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) are promising results for
further clinical evaluation.
Mail: Prof.
Dr. Denise Pedrini, Integrated Clinic Discipline, Faculty of Dentistry of the Araçatuba
Campus, UNESP, Rua José Bonifácio 1193, CEP: 16015-050, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
E-mail: pedrini@foa.unesp.br
Biochemical and microbiological characteristics of
in situ biofilm formed
on materials containing fluoride or amorphous calcium phosphate
Lilian Ferreira, msc, Denise Pedrini, dds, phd, Ana ClÁudia Okamoto, dds, phd,
Elerson Gaetti Jardim JÚnior, dds, phd, TÁssia
AraÚjo Henriques, dds,
Mark Cannon, dds,
msc & Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem, dds, phd
Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the biochemical and
microbiological characteristics of in situ biofilm formed on materials that
release fluoride (F-) or calcium (Ca++) and phosphate
(Pi). Methods: This study comprised
an in situ and in vitro experiment, utilizing three materials [Auralay XF and
Fuji IX GP, containing fluoride, and Aegis containing amorphous calcium
phosphate (ACP)] and bovine dental enamel slabs. For the in situ: 10 volunteers
wore palatal devices, each containing four material specimens or enamel slabs
that were treated with 20% sucrose solution. The biofilm had pH measurements on
Day 7 and the composition was analyzed on Day 8 by assessing the following: F-,
Ca++, Pi and insoluble extracellular polysaccharides (EPS)
concentrations, and then identification of the microbiota. For the in vitro:
materials/enamel were subjected to a 7-day pH-cycling
regimen to determine F-, Ca++ and Pi release. Results: The biofilm formed on F--releasing
materials was richer in F-, Ca++ and Pi and had lower
mutans streptococci counts than enamel biofilm. The biofilm on the
ACP-containing material exhibited similar Ca++ and Pi concentrations
to biofilm on F--releasing materials. The materials showed buffering
action compared with enamel. Biochemical and microbiological characteristics
showed a less cariogenic biofilm on materials containing fluoride or amorphous
calcium phosphate. (Am J Dent 2013:26:207-213).
Clinical significance: The ions released by therapeutic
pit and fissure sealants not only affect the hard tissue of the tooth but also
influence the cariogenicity of the dental plaque.
Mail: Prof. Dr. Denise Pedrini, Integrated
Clinic Discipline, Faculty of Dentistry of the Araçatuba, UNESP-Univ. Estadual
Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio 1193, CEP: 16015-050, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
E-mail: pedrini@foa.unesp.br
Efficacy of diode laser in association
to sodium fluoride
Felice
Femiano, md, phd, Rosella Femiano, dds, Alessandro
Lanza, dds, Maria Vincenzo Festa,
dds,
Abstract: Purpose: To
evaluate the desensitizing efficacy of 2% sodium fluoride solution (NaF), diode
laser (DL), a DL and NaF association and a solution of
hydroxyl-ethyl-methacrylate and glutaraldehyde (HEMA-G: Gluma desensitizer) in
cervical dentin hypersensitivity (CDH). Methods: 262 teeth of 24 subjects (16 females and eight males; age 21 to 64 years, mean
38 years), each having at least two CHD teeth for each quadrant, were included
in this prospective, split mouth, clinical study. Teeth of each oral quadrant
were randomized in four groups (SG) to study the effectiveness of NaF (SG-1),
of DL (SG-2) NaF-DL combination (SG-3) and HEMA-G (SG-4). The subjects were
asked to rate the sensitivity experienced during air stimulation by placing a
mark on a visual analogue scale (VAS) before treatment (baseline), immediately
after treatment, and after 1, and 6 months. Results: The outcomes showed a significant reduction of discomfort
compared to baseline values for teeth of SG-3 immediately post treatment
(82.6%) (P< 0.001), after 1 month (69.5%) (P< 0.001) and after 6 months
(60.8%) (P< 0.001), respectively, compared with the reduction scores of 51.6%
(P< 0.001), 29.7% (P< 0.05) and 4.7% (P> 0.05), recorded for SG-1;
72.2%, (P< 0.001), 62.5% (P< 0.001), and 47.2% (P< 0.05), recorded for
SG-2; 77.4% (P< 0.001), 56.1% (P< 0.001), and 27.3% (P< 0.05),
recorded for SG-4. (Am J Dent 2013;26:214-218).
Clinical
significance: According
to the results, the diode laser-fluoride combination showed higher efficacy in
improving cervical dentin hypersensitivity-related pain compared to use of diode
laser, sodium fluoride and Gluma Desensitizer immediately after treatment, at 1
month, and at 6 months follow up.
Mail:
Dr. Felice Femiano, Via Francesco Girardi 2, S. Antimo (NA) 80029, Italy. E-mail: femiano@libero.it
Bioactive dental restorative materials: A review
Liang Chen, phd, Hong Shen, phd & Byoung
in Suh, phd
Abstract: Purpose: To present an updated knowledge
on the remineralizing dental restorative materials and their performance in
vivo and/or in vitro. Methods: A
search of English peer-reviewed dental literature over the last 30 years from
PubMed and MEDLINE databases was conducted, and the key words included:
remineralization, pulp capping, restoration, composite, cement, primer,
bonding, adhesive, liner and sealant. Titles and abstracts of the articles
listed from search results were reviewed and evaluated for appropriateness. Results: A variety of dental
restorative materials are able to promote tooth remineralization and/or inhibit
tooth demineralization. These remineralizing materials include fluoride- and/or
calcium-containing pulp capping materials, bonding agents, resin composites,
resin cements, glass-ionomer cements, and sealants. (Am J Dent 2013;26:219-227).
Clinical significance: Calcium-, fluoride-, and other
remineralizing agents-containing pulp capping materials, resin composites,
resin cements, glass-ionomer cements, adhesives, and sealants might promote
tooth remineralization and inhibit demineralization around restorations.
Mail: Dr.
Liang Chen, BISCO, Inc., 1100 W Irving Park Road, Schaumburg, IL 60193, USA. E-mail:
lchenchem@yahoo.com
Breaking the fluoride diffusion barrier with combined
dielectrophoresis
and AC electroosmosis
Chris S. Ivanoff, dds, Timothy L. Hottel, dds, ms, mba, Franklin Garcia-Godoy, dds, ms, phd, phd
& Pratikkumar Shah, ms
Abstract: Purpose: To compare the deposition of fluoride particles into
bovine enamel by diffusion (n= 20); dielectrophoresis (DEP) at 10 Hz and 5000
Hz (n= 10); and DEP (10 Hz and 5000 Hz) combined with AC electroosmosis (ACEO)
at 400 Hz (DEP/ACE) (n= 10). Methods: Fluoride particle movements induced at 10, 400, and 5000 Hz frequencies, were
analyzed with light microscopy and stack imaging in real time. Fluoride
concentrations were measured at various enamel depths using wavelength
dispersive spectrometry. Results were analyzed by ANOVA/Student-Newman-Keuls
post hoc (P= 0.05). Results: Fluoride
levels in teeth treated with DEP were significantly higher than diffusion at
depths 10 and 20 μm. DEP and diffusion were relatively ineffective at
greater depths. The highest fluoride concentrations at 10, 20, and 50 μm
depths were found in the DEP/ACE group. After 20 minutes, DEP/ACE increased
fluoride uptake by 600% at 50 μm and 400% at 100 μm compared to
baseline levels (P< 0.05). Fluoride particle movement was induced by
negative DEP at 10 Hz; positive DEP at 5000 Hz; and ACEO at 400 Hz frequency. (Am J Dent 2013;26:228-236).
Clinical significance: The study demonstrated that the
coupling of DEP with ACEO can selectively concentrate fluoride particles from
fluoride gel excipients and significantly enhance fluoride penetration into
bovine enamel.
Mail: Dr. Chris Ivanoff,
Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA. E-mail:
civanoff@uthsc.edu
