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June 2010
Research Article
Effect of chlorhexidine on bond strength of two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive systems to dentin of
primary and permanent teeth
HÉrica Adad Ricci,
dds,ms Mariane Emi Sanabe, dds, ms, phd, Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa, dds, ms, phd
Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate
the influence of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) application on the immediate microtensile bond
strength (µTBS) of two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive systems to the dentin of
primary and permanent teeth. Methods: Noncarious human teeth (24 primary molars and 24
premolars) were used. The primary and permanent teeth were randomly assigned to
three groups (n= 8) according to the adhesive system: Adper Single Bond, Prime & Bond NT and Excite DSC. Each group was further divided
in two subgroups (n= 4) in which the phosphoric acid-etched dentin was treated
with 20 µL of either 2% CHX or deionized water for 60
seconds prior to adhesive system application. The adhesive systems were applied
according to the manufacturers’ instructions and resin composite blocks were
built up on the treated surfaces. The teeth were vertically sectioned
perpendicular to adhesive interface and beam-shaped specimens with a 0.81 mm²
cross-sectional area were obtained and subjected to µTBS testing at a crosshead
speed of 0.05 mm/minute. µTBS data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α= 0.05). The failure modes were
verified with a stereomicroscope. Results: CHX application increased significantly (P< 0.05) the µTBS of Prime &
Bond NT and Single Bond to the acid-etched primary and permanent dentin, while
no positive or negative effect was observed for Excite DSC. There was a
predominance of adhesive failures in all control and CHX-treated groups. No
fracture distribution pattern was observed. (Am J Dent 2010;23:128-132).
Clinical significance: Chlorhexidine application after phosphoric acid etching as a means to increase the
resin-dentin interface durability did not have any detrimental effect on the
immediate bond strength of two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive systems to the
dentin of primary or permanent teeth.
Address: Profa. Dra. Josimeri Hebling, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara –
UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680. 14801-903 Araraquara, SP,
Brazil. E-mail:
jhebling@foar.unesp.br
Research Article
Resin composite polyethylene fiber reinforcement:
Effect on fracture
resistance of
weakened marginal ridges
Mohamed F. Ayad, bds, mscd, phd, Abdulhamaid A. Maghrabi, bds, ms, phd & Franklin GarcÍa-Godoy, dds, ms
Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the in vitro effect of polyethylene woven
fiber reinforcement of resin composite on the fracture resistance of weakened
marginal ridges in molar teeth. Methods: 50 sound extracted human mandibular molars were used.
Specimens were divided into five groups (n=10). Group 1: served as a control
for comparison; Group 2: Class I cavity preparation with resin composite
(Prodigy); Group 3: Class I cavity preparation with polyethylene ribbon fiber (Ribbond) and resin composite. Group 4: Class II cavity
preparation with resin composite restoration; Group 5: Class II cavity
preparation with polyethylene woven fiber and resin composite. Specimens were
stored in 100% humidity at 37°C for 7 days. Compressive loading of the teeth
was performed with a universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 0.5
mm/minute until failure. The data were analyzed with 1-way ANOVA followed by
the Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch Multiple Range Test (α= 0.05). Results: Reinforcement with polyethylene fiber resulted in significant differences for
fracture resistance (P< 0.001). Mean fracture resistance (SD) was [1737.4
(84.8) N] for control group. Among the experimental groups, the highest mean
fracture resistance (SD) [1543.8 (71.1) N] was associated with Class I cavity
preparation with polyethylene fiber and resin composite. The lowest mean
fracture resistance (SD) [869.2 (91.7) N] was recorded for Class II cavity
preparation with conventional resin composite. (Am J Dent 2010;23:133-136).
Clinical significance: The fiber-reinforced composites
tested improved the fracture resistance of Class I cavities.
Address: Dr. Mohamed
F. Ayad, P.O. Box 80209, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: ayadmf@hotmail.com
Research
Article
Effect of oxalate desensitizers
and dentin moisture during total-etch bonding
JÚlio C.F. Almeida, dds, phd, Raquel
Osorio, lds, phd, Fernanda C.P. Garcia, dds, phd,
Estrella Osorio, lds, phd, Ricardo M. Carvalho, dds, phd & Manuel Toledano, md, bds, phd
Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the effect of
oxalate during total-etch bonding, under different dentin moisture conditions,
over time. The null hypothesis tested was that microtensile bond strength (µTBS) was not affected by oxalate treatment and dentin moisture
during two evaluation periods. Methods: Extracted human third molars had their mid-coronal dentin exposed flat and
polished with 600-grit SiC paper. The surfaces were
etched with 35% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds, washed and blot dried. After
etching, a 3% potassium oxalate gel was applied for 120 seconds, except for the
control group (no desensitizer). The surface was then washed and left moist
(Wet bonding) or air-dried for 30 seconds (Dry bonding). The surfaces were
bonded with: (1) two 2-step etch-and-rinse adhesives: Single Bond (SB); Prime
& Bond NT (PBNT) and (2) one 3-step etch-and-rinse adhesive: Scotchbond Multi Purpose (SBMP). Composite buildups were
constructed incrementally with Tetric Ceram resin
composite. Each increment was cured for 40 seconds. After storage in water for
24 hours or 1 year at
Clinical significance: The use of a 3-step,
etch-and-rinse water-based system resulted in more reliable bond strengths,
regardless of the bonding technique. The dry-bonding technique did not
negatively affect the 3-step adhesive performance at 24 hours, and resulted in
superior performance after 1 year. Conversely, dry-bonding resulted in overall
compromised performance when 2-step etch-and-rinse adhesives were used.
Address:
Prof. Manuel Toledano, Av. Fuerzas Armadas 1, 1B, 18014 Granada, Spain. E-mail:
Research
Article
The effect of
aging on the fracture toughness of esthetic restorative materials
Rafat Bagheri, ddsc, phd, Mohammad
R. Azar, ddsc, mdsc, Martin
J. Tyas, bds, phd, ddsc
& Michael F. Burrow, bds, mds, phd, med
Abstract: Purpose: To
compare the fracture toughness (KIc) of tooth-colored
restorative materials based on a four-point bending; to assess the effect of
distilled water and a resin surface sealant (G-Coat Plus) on the resistance of
the materials to fracture. Methods: Specimens were prepared from six materials: Quix Fil; Dyract (Dentsply),
Freedom (SDI), Fuji VII (GC), Fuji IX (GC); Fuji II LC (GC). Fuji II LC and
Fuji IX were tested both with and without applying G-Coat Plus (GC). The specimens were divided into the three groups which were conditioned
in distilled water at 37°C for 48 hours, 4 and 8 weeks. The specimens were
loaded in a four-point bending test using a universal testing machine. The
maximum load to specimen failure was recorded and the fracture toughness
calculated. Results: There were
significant differences among most of the materials (P< 0.001). Quix Fil had the highest mean KIc value and Fuji VII the lowest. Immersion in distilled
water for the resin composite and polyacid-modified
resin composites caused a significant decrease in KIc as the time interval increased. For glass-ionomer cements, KIc decreased significantly after 4 weeks,
and after 8 weeks immersion slightly increased. G-Coat Plus affected Fuji II LC
positively while it had no effect on the Fuji IX. (Am J Dent 2010:23:142-146).
Clinical
significance: There were significant differences among most of the materials (P< 0.001).
Fuji II LC, coated or uncoated, showed significantly higher values compared to
other GICs. There were also significant differences between Fuji II LC and Fuji
II LC coated, the latter having the higher value.
Address:
Dr. Rafat Bagheri, Department
of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Science,
Shiraz, Iran. E-mail: bagherir@unimelb.edu.au
Research Article
Effect of gingival ceramic veneer thickness on the fracture strength
of zirconia-based fixed dental prostheses
Olaf Gabbert, dds, Brigitte Ohlmann, dds, Marc Schmitter, phd, Daniel Farhan, dds, Falk Becker, dipl ing
Abstract: Purpose: To assess
the effect of different thicknesses of porcelain at the gingival of pontics, on the fracture load of zirconia-based,
all-ceramic fixed dental prostheses (FDPs), anchored by inlays. Methods: Box inlay cavities were
prepared on mandibular molars and premolars. 40 FDPs
with yttrium-stabilized zirconia frameworks of
identical dimensions were manufactured using a CAD/CAM system and veneered with
a press ceramic. The FDPs, replacing a premolar and a molar, were divided into
four groups. In Group FR, the framework was all around unveneered.
The next three groups received a 1 mm ceramic veneer on the buccal, occlusal and lingual side, but differed in the
thickness of the ceramic veneer in the gingival, tensile zone of the pontics. In Group B-0, the gingival veneering was 0 mm, in
Group B 1 mm and in Group B-2, 2 mm of gingival porcelain. A group of
inlay-retained metal-ceramic FDPs (mc) served as control. All FDPs were
subjected to thermal cycling and 600,000 cycles of mechanical load of 50 N. The
load to fracture (N) was measured and fracture sites were evaluated macroscopically.
A single-factor Analysis of Variance was used to analyze the data. Results: None of the FDPs debonded after thermal cycling or mechanical loading and no
signs of fractures or other defects were observed. The mean fracture loads and
standard deviations in parentheses were: 647 N (123) for Group B-0, 716 N (102)
for Group FR, 812 N (48) for Group B-1, 934 N (129) for Group B-2 and 1005 N
(SD 81) for Group MC. Means for Groups B-0 and FR were not shown to differ, and
the same for mean fracture strength of Groups B-2 and MC. (Am J Dent 2010;23:147-151).
Clinical significance: Within the limitations of an in vitro investigation, it can be
concluded that the fracture load of zirconia ceramic
inlay-retained FDPs is improved by the addition of a ceramic veneer on the
gingival surface of the pontics. However, further
investigation of inlay-retained FDPs up to a span length of 19 mm is required
before they can be recommended for clinical use.
Address: Dr. Olaf Gabbert, Department
of Prosthodontics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. E-mail: olaf_gabbert@med.uni-heidelberg.de
Research
Article
Microtensile bond strength of two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive
systems
on sound and artificial caries-affected
dentin
CÉsar Henrique Zanchi, dds, msc, phd, Rafael Guerra Lund, dds, msc, phd, Luciana Rodrigues Perrone, bs,
Abstract: Purpose: To
evaluate the microtensile bond strength of two-step
etch-and-rinse adhesive systems on sound and artificial caries-affected dentin
(CAD) produced by in vitro monoculture of Streptococcus mutans. Methods: 10 recently extracted non-carious human third molars were ground to expose a
flat dentin surface. Each tooth was sectioned through the long axis with a
diamond saw to create two similar halves. One half was used as control (sound
dentin – SD) while the other was submitted to caries lesion induction in vitro, using 40 mL of Brain Heart Infusion broth containing 1% sucrose and 40 µL of Streptococcus mutans UA159 inoculum (final bacterial concentration: 1-2 x
105 CFU/mL). The specimens were incubated at 37°C for
4 weeks, and the culture medium was changed every 3 days for 4 weeks. Sound or CAD
were alternatively restored as follow (n=5): Single Bond 2/sound dentin (SB-SD);
Single Bond 2/artificial caries-affected dentin (SB-CAD); Prime&Bond NT/sound dentin (PB-SD); and Prime&Bond NT/CAD (PB-CAD).The
adhesives were applied to dentin according to manufacturers’ instructions, and
build-ups of resin composite (Filtek Z250) were
prepared and polymerized with a LED light-curing unit (Radii). The restored
teeth were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours and thereafter
sectioned perpendicular to the bonded interface with a refrigerated low-speed
diamond saw, obtaining three slices per half-tooth (n=15). The microtensile bond strength (μTBS)
test was performed in a universal test machine with a crosshead speed of 1
mm/minute. Bond strengths were calculated in MPa and
analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Student-Newman-Keuls at a 0.05 level of significance. Failure patterns
were examined with an optical microscope. Results: SD produced significantly higher μTBS values
than CAD for both adhesive systems. Furthermore, independently of the dentin
condition, Single Bond 2 had higher values than Prime Bond NT (P< 0.05). Single
Bond 2 showed higher µTBS than Prime Bond NT, in both substrates, and
application to CAD reduced the adhesion. (Am
J Dent 2010;23:152-156).
Clinical
significance: Clinicians should be aware that the application of etch-and-rinse adhesives to
artificial caries-affected dentin will reduce bond strength as compared to
sound dentin. Also, an ethanol-water based adhesive showed higher bond strength
than an acetone-based adhesive.
Address:
Dr. Flávio Fernando Demarco, Federal University of
Pelotas, School of Dentistry, Dept. of Restorative Dentistry, Gonçalves Chaves Street, 457/504 –
Centro, Pelotas – RS, Brazil – CP: 96015-560. E-mail: flavio.demarco@pq.cnpq.br
Research Article
Bond strength of a
total-etch and two self-etch adhesives to dentin
with and without
intermediate flowable liner
Ali I. Abdalla, phd, dds
Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate
the effect of flowable resin composite application on
the microtensile bond strength of a total-etch and
two self-etch adhesive systems to dentin. Methods: Occlusal surfaces of 30 human third molars were
ground to obtain flat dentin surfaces. One of the following adhesive systems
was applied to the dentin surface following manufacturers' instructions: Admira Bond, Futurabond DC and Clearfil SE Bond. For each adhesive, half of the specimens
received a layer of flowable composite (Amaris Flow) applied into dentin and light-cured
(experimental groups). The other teeth received no liner and served as control
group. For all teeth, resin composite (Amaris) was
applied in 2 mm thickness to form a crown segment 5-6 mm height and each
increment was light-cured. The restored teeth were stored in water at 37ºC for
24 hours. Each tooth was serially sectioned in a longitudinal direction in
order to obtain several bonded slabs (1.0 mm2 in cross-section).
Each slab was attached to the set-up by their lateral sides and placed in a
universal testing machine. Tensile load was applied at cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/minute
until failure. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test at 5% significance level. Results: Placement of a low-viscosity resin after adhesive application increased the microtensile bond strength for all tested adhesive systems.
However, such increase was not significant (P> 0.05). The percentage of
cohesive failure was increased in specimens with flowable resin liner. (Am J Dent 2010;23:157-160).
Clinical significance: The effect of an intermediate flowable composite layer on bond strength to dentin was
material-dependent and resulted in slight increase in bond strength for all
tested materials, but not significantly different.
Address: Dr Ali I. Abdalla, Dept. of
Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Tanta, Tanta, Egypt.
E-mail: ali_abdalla79@yahoo.com
Research Article
Controlled, prospective clinical split-mouth study
of cast gold vs. ceramic partial crowns: 5.5 year results
Marianne Federlin, dmd, phd, Karl-Anton Hiller, dmd, phd & Gottfried Schmalz,
dmd, phd
Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the long-term
clinical performance of cast gold partial crowns (CGPCs) as compared to partial
ceramic crowns (PCCs). The null hypothesis tested was that CGPCs and PCCs would
show similar clinical outcomes. In the present evaluation, the 5.5 year results
are reported. Methods: This was a controlled,
prospective, clinical split-mouth study. In each patient, one CGPC (Degulor C) and one PCC (Vita Mark II ceramic/Cerec 3) had been inserted at baseline. After 5.5 years, 22
CGPC and 22 PCC restorations in 22 subjects attending the recall visit were
clinically assessed using modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS)
criteria. Kaplan-Meier survival rates were calculated for CGPCs and PCCs of the
29 subjects who had been originally enrolled in the study. Results: 22 subjects (8 male, 14 female) participated in the 5.5-year
recall with a total of 44 restorations. 22 CGPCs and 11 PCCs were placed in
molars; 11 PCCs were placed in premolars. The median patient age was 37 years
(32-44 years). All subjects revealed a papilla bleeding index (PBI) of < 20%
(median: 7%). After 5.5 years, PCCs revealed a statistically significant, time
dependant decrease of Alfa ratings for criteria anatomic form, marginal
adaptation and marginal discoloration. Furthermore, PCCs as compared to CGPCs
showed a statistically significant material-related decrease of Alfa ratings
for criteria anatomic form and marginal discoloration. Kaplan-Meier survival
analysis revealed a 93.3% cumulative survival rate for CGPCs and an 88.8%
cumulative survival rate for PCCs after 5.5 years. Survival functions did not
differ significantly across groups. At 5.5 years, CGPCs and PCCs exhibited
satisfactory clinical outcomes. For PCCs, Bravo ratings increased significantly
over time, however this did not compromise clinical survival of the
restorations as compared to CGPCs. (Am J
Dent 2010;23:161-167).
Clinical significance: After 5.5 years observation
time, partial ceramic crowns (PCCs) reveal favorable survival rates similar to
those of cast gold partial crowns (CGPCs). However, PCCs, as compared to CGPCs,
show a significant decrease of marginal adaptation over time. At 5.5 years,
these changes did not compromise the clinical function; however, critical
monitoring of marginal deterioration is mandatory in future recall
examinations.
Address: Priv.-Doz. Dr. Marianne Federlin, Department of
Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dental
School, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93042 Regensburg, Germany. E-mail: marianne.federlin@klinik.uni-regensburg.de
Research Article
Influence of acid etching on hydrogen peroxide
diffusion
through human dentin
Jean Camps, dds, phd, Ludovic Pommel, dds, Virginie Aubut, dds & Imad About, bsc, phd
Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the influence of
dentin etching with phosphoric acid on hydrogen peroxide diffusion through
human dentin in internal bleaching. Methods: 46 human premolars were extracted for orthodontic reasons from adolescents. The
teeth were endodontically treated and a flat defect
was created at the enamel-cementum junction. The
teeth were divided into two groups: the access cavity was etched for 30 seconds
with 35% H3PO4 in the first group and left intact in the
second group. The teeth were filled with 20µL of 35% hydrogen peroxide gel. The
receiving medium on the other side was renewed at Day 1, Day 2 and Day 7 to
quantify the diffusing hydrogen peroxide. An analysis of variance was performed
to compare the diffusion between the two groups. Results: This work demonstrated a higher hydrogen peroxide
diffusion when the access cavity was etched (P< 0.01). (Am J Dent 2010;23:168-170).
Clinical significance: Even if it cannot be recommended
in traumatized young anterior teeth because of a higher risk of cervical root resorption, acid etching of access cavity prior to internal
bleaching increases hydrogen peroxide diffusion, which renders it helpful in
refractory cases.
Address:
Dr. Jean Camps, Faculté d'Odontologie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385
Marseille CEDEX 5, France. E-mail: Jcamps2035@aol.com
Research
Article
Peroxide penetration from the pulp
chamber to the external root surface
after
internal bleaching
Renato Miotto Palo, dds, msc, Marcia Carneiro Valera, dds,
msc, phd,
Abstract: Purpose: To quantify
the amount of peroxide penetration from the pulp chamber to the external
surface of teeth during the walking bleaching technique. Methods: Seventy-two bovine lateral incisors were randomly divided
over five experimental groups and one control (n= 12 per group): (1) 35%
hydrogen peroxide (HP); (2) 35% carbamide peroxide
(CP); (3) sodium perborate (SP); (4) (HP+SP); (5)
(CP+SP) and (6) Control (CG), deionized water. All
groups were treated according to the walking bleach technique. After 7 days at
37°C in an acetate buffer solution, 100 µl violet leukocrystal coloring and 50 µl peroxidase was added, producing a
blue stain that could be measured in a spectrophotometer and then converted
into peroxide µg/ml. Results: G5
exhibited the greatest penetration, while G2 and G3 produced the lowest values.
All bleaching agents penetrated from the pulp chamber to the external root
surface. There was a direct correlation between the presence of oxidative
agents and penetration potential. Sodium perborate in
distilled water was less oxidative and appeared to be the least aggressive
bleaching agent. (Am J Dent 2010;23:171-174).
Clinical
significance: It
is not possible to extrapolate the results directly to the clinical setting;
however, sodium perborate plus distilled water seems
to be a good choice for internal bleaching for non vital teeth, minimizing
deleterious effects of the products.
Address: Dr. Samira Esteves Afonso Camargo, Av. Engenheiro
Francisco José Longo 777, Jardim São Dimas, São Paulo/SP, CEP 12245-000 Brazil. E-mail: seacamargo@gmail.com
Research
Article
A randomized cross-over clinical trial
to evaluate the effect of a 0.454% stannous fluoride dentifrice on the
reduction of oral malodor
Xi Chen, dds, phd, Tao He, dmd, phd, Lily Sun, ms, Yuqing Zhang, ms & Xiping Feng, dds, ms
Abstract: Purposes: To compare
the oral malodor protection efficacy of a 0.454% stannous fluoride dentifrice versus a negative control (0.243% sodium
fluoride) using a sulfide monitor (halimeter) as the
measurement. A secondary objective was to assess the effects of tongue
brushing. Methods: This was a
four-treatment, five-period, examiner-blinded, cross-over, randomized study.
Healthy subjects who met the entrance criteria were enrolled into the study. A
5-day acclimation period, in which subjects brushed twice daily in their
customary manner with a standard sodium fluoride dentifrice, occurred prior to
baseline. After baseline halimeter measurements,
subjects were randomly assigned to one of four treatments (SnF2 dentifrice groups, with or without tongue brushing; negative control dentifrice
groups, with or without tongue brushing) based on baseline halimeter scores, age, and gender. Test products were used three times a day. Breath
measurements were taken 24 hours after baseline (after three product uses). Subjects
then brushed again with the product treatment. Final breath measurements were
taken 4 hours later, 28 hours after baseline. A 5-day washout separated each
treatment period. Results: 33
subjects were enrolled and completed the study. The adjusted mean volatile
sulfur compound (VSC) levels were significantly lower in the SnF2 groups than the NaF groups, at both 24 (P< 0.01)
and 28 (P< 0.001) hours post baseline time points. Tongue brushing did not
provide additional statistically significant breath benefits when compared to toothbrushing alone. Both dentifrices were well tolerated.
(Am J Dent 2010;23:175-178).
Clinical
significance: The present study demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of the 0.454%
stannous fluoride dentifrice in the malodor control relative to a negative
control.
Address:
Dr. Tao He, Procter & Gamble Health Care Research Center, 8700
Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040,
USA. E-mail: he.t@pg.com
Research Article
Fluoride-releasing orthodontic adhesives
and topical fluoride effect
on enamel caries formation: An in vitro study
Kendra Covington Pratt, dds,
ms, John Hicks, dds, ms, phd, md, Jeryl D. English, dds,
ms,
Harry I. Bussa, Jr., dds, ms, Catherine M. Flaitz, dds, ms & John M. Powers, phd
Abstract: Purpose: To examine in vitro orthodontic
bonding sealants combined with daily fluoride (NaF)
rinse on caries-like lesion depths. Methods: Permanent molar teeth (n=40) were randomly divided into four treatment groups: 1: Pro-Seal, 2: Light Bond, 3:
Pro-Seal with NaF rinsing, and 4: Light Bond with NaF rinsing. Orthodontic sealant material was placed on buccal surfaces of each group and surrounded by
acid-resistant varnish on the buccal and a control
window on the lingual. Each group underwent synthetic saliva rinsing and lesion
initiation. Groups 3 and 4 were subjected to 0.05% NaF for 1 minute per day. Artificial caries were created in vitro. The specimens in each treatment group were sectioned and
mean lesion depth was assessed with polarized light microscopy (water imbibition). Lesion depth was compared among the treament groups using ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test. Results: The ProSeal and Light Bond treatment groups exhibited
significant reductions in mean lesion depths as compared to the controls (P<
0.05). ProSeal with NaF rinsing and Light Bond with NaF rinsing treatment groups exhibited significant
reductions in mean lesion depth when compared to Pro Seal and Light Bond
treatment without fluoride rinsing and controls (P< 0.05). The enamel-resin
interfaces of all treatment groups were intact and exhibited no caries-like
lesion formation. (Am J Dent 2010;23:179-184).
Clinical
significance: Fluoride-releasing orthodontic adhesives for bracket placement may be of
importance in preventing white spot enamel lesions adjacent to orthodontic
brackets, and the addition of fluoride rinsing may further reduce the formation
of white spot lesion adjacent to brackets bonded to enamel with
fluoride-releasing orthodontic adhesives.
Address:
Dr. John Hicks, Department of Pathology, MC1-2261, Texas Children's Hospital, 6621 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030-2313, USA. E-mail: mjhicks@texaschildrenshospital.org
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