Abstracts
of the June 2006 Issue
An occlusal plaque index.
Measurements of repeatability, reproducibility, and
sensitivity
Christian H. Splieth,
prof, dr med dent, dds
& Abduhl W. Nourallah,
prof, dr med dent, dds
Abstract: Purpose: To
evaluate a new, computerized method of measuring dental plaque
on occlusal surfaces which exhibit the highest caries
prevalence. Methods: In 16 patients (6-9
years of age), plaque on the occlusal surfaces of permanent
molars was stained (Mira-2-Tone) and photographed with an
intra-oral camera. In a conventional picture editing program
(PC/Adobe PhotoShop 6.0), the occlusal surface and plaque were
measured in pixels and the relative proportion of occlusal
plaque was calculated (ANALYSIS 3.0). The repeatability and
reproducibility of the method were analyzed by re-taking and
analyzing four images by two examiners four times via
intra- and inter-examiner correlation coefficients and by
re-analyzing 10 images. Sensitivity was tested by re-taking and
analyzing the images of the same occlusal surfaces in all
patients after instructed brushing with an electric toothbrush.
Results: Intra- and inter-examiner
correlation coefficients for repeatability and reproducibility
of the analysis were excellent (ICC> 0.997 and ICC=0.98, resp.;
95% confidence interval: 0.955-0.995). The inter- and
intra-examiner coefficients for the whole procedure including
the re-taking of images were also high (ICC > 0.90). The method
was also highly sensitive, proving a statistically significant
plaque reduction after brushing (before: mean 29.2% plaque,
after: 14.7% plaque; t-test, P= 0.025). (Am J Dent
2006;19: 135-137).
Clinical significance: The
computer-assisted analysis of images taken with an intra-oral
camera offers a sensitive, easy, extremely accurate and
reproducible method for occlusal plaque index which could be
used for clinical oral hygiene assessments and research on
occlusal plaque growth and removal.
Address: Prof. Dr. Christian H. Splieth,
Department of Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Ernst Moritz
Arndt University, Rotgerberstr. 8, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
E-mail:
splieth@uni-greifswald.de
Bond strengths of resin cements to fiber-reinforced composite
posts
Kerstin Bitter,
dds, Hendrik
Meyer-Lückel, dds,
Karsten Priehn,
dds, Peter Martus,
phd
& Andrej M. Kielbassa,
dds, phd
Abstract: Purpose: To
evaluate the bond strengths of six different luting cements to
fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) posts after various
pre-treatment procedures. Methods: 180 FRC
posts were divided into three groups (n=60) and received the
following surface treatments. Group 1: untreated control; Group
2: silane treatment; Group 3: CoJet treatment. The posts of each
group were fixed with six different luting cements. Push-out
tests were performed to deter-mine the bond strengths between
the cements and the fiber posts. Results:
The observed bond strengths (MPa) of the different resin cements
to the posts were significantly affected by the type of cement
(P< 0.001), but not by the pre-treatment chosen (P> 0.05;
2-way-ANOVA). Without consideration of the pre-treatment
procedures, Clearfil showed the highest bond strengths, followed
by Panavia F and RelyX, whereas Multilink, Variolink and
PermaFlo showed significantly lower bond strength values (P<
0.05; Tukey's B). (Am J Dent 2006;19: 138-142).
Clinical significance: Luting cements
containing functional phosphate monomers showed higher bond
strengths to FRC posts than conventional bis-GMA-based resin
cements. Pre-treatment of the investigated fiber-reinforced
composite posts had little influence on bond strength depending
on the resin cement used.
Address: Dr. Kerstin Bitter,
Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltungskunde und Parodontologie,
Universitätsklinik für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Campus
Benjamin Franklin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin,
Aßmannshauser Straße 4-6, D - 14197 Berlin, Germany.
E-mail:
kerstin.bitter@charite.de
Evaluation of the light intensity of
high intensity light units
Kazuyoshi Hashimoto,
dds, Norimichi Inai,
dds, phd &
Junji Tagami, dds,
phd
Abstract: Purpose: To
determine the intensity of PAC (plasma arc curing) light
compared with conventional QTH (Quartz tungsten halogen) light
using a hardness test. Methods: The
spectral distribution of two light sources was analyzed with a
spectroradiometer, after the light intensity was determined.
AP-X composite was packed into a black mold (4 mm in diameter
and 4 mm in depth) to prepare a cylindrical specimen. The
irradiating conditions for the PAC unit in the current study
were fixed at 6-second irradiation with 600 mW/cm2
(P600-6), 900 mW/cm2 (P900-6), 1200 mW/cm2
(P1200-6), 1500 mW/cm2 (P1500-6), 1800 mW/cm2
(P1800-6) and 40-second irradiation with 600 mW/cm2
(P600-40). The conventional irradiating condition for QTH was
600 mW/cm2 for 40 seconds (Q600-40). After storage in
37ºC water for 24 hours, the hardness of the resin composite was
measured with a nanoindentation testing machine. Triplicate
readings were made at a distance of every 0.5 mm down to 3.0 mm
from the top irradiated surface. The comparison of means was
statistically analyzed applying one-way ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD
test at a significant level of P< 0.05. Results:
Although the peak height of the PAC lamp was different due to
the light intensity, the waveforms were parallel with one
another and the wavelength of peaks was located at the same
number. The hardness value at a depth of 2.0 mm and at values of
P1800-6 was not significantly different from the control. (Am
J Dent 2006;19: 143-146).
Clinical significance: The optimal
intensity for 6 seconds of irradiation time by the PAC light
unit was 1800 mW/cm2 compared with the QTH light
unit. It was concluded that the high intensity light source
could shorten the irradiation time for adequate polymerization
of the resin composite tested.
Address: Dr. Kazuyoshi Hashimoto, Cariology and
Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Science, Graduate
School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 5-45 Yushima
1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan. E-mail:
bery913@hotmail.co.jp
Bonding
durability of a self-etching primer system to normal and
caries-affected dentin under hydrostatic pulpal pressure
in vitro
Masatoshi Nakajima,
dds, phd,
Keiichi Hosaka, dds,
Monica Yamauti,
dds, phd,
Richard M. Foxton,
bds, mfds rcs ed, phd
& Junji Tagami,
dds, phd
Abstract: Purpose: To
evaluate the bonding durability of a self-etching primer system
to normal and caries-affected dentin under hydrostatic pulpal
pressure. Methods: 18 extracted human
molars with occlusal caries were used. Their occlusal dentin
surfaces were ground flat to expose normal and caries-affected
dentin using #600 SiC paper under running water. Clearfil SE
Bond was placed on the dentin surface including the
caries-affected dentin according to the manufacturer’s
instructions and then the crowns were built up with resin
composite (Clearfil AP-X) under either a pulpal pressure of 15
cm H2O or none (control). The bonded specimens were
stored in 100% humidity for 1 day (control) or for 1 week and 1
month with hydrostatic pulpal pressure. After storage, the
specimens were serially sectioned into 0.7 mm-thick slabs and
trimmed to an hour-glass shape with a 1 mm2
cross-section, isolated by normal or caries-affected dentin, and
then subjected to the micro-tensile bond test. Data were
analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (P< 0.05).
Results: Hydrostatic pulpal pressure significantly
reduced the bond strength to normal dentin after 1-month storage
(P< 0.05), but did not affect the bond strength to
caries-affected dentin. (Am J Dent 2006;19: 147-150).
Clinical significance: Under hydrostatic
pulpal pressure, the bonding durability of the self-etching
primer/adhesive system was dependent upon the type of dentin
(sound or carious).
Address: Dr. Masatoshi Nakajima, Cariology and
Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences,
Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 5-45
Yushima 1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan. E-mail:
nakajima.ope@tmd.ac.jp
Effect of bonding systems on
post-operative sensitivity from posterior composites
Enosakhare S. Akpata,
bchd, mdsc, fds &
Jawad Behbehani,
dmd, dmsc, ob, ficd
Abstract: Purpose: To
compare post-operative sensitivity from posterior composites
lined with bonding systems that utilize either a self-etching
primer or phosphoric acid conditioner. Methods:
Occlusal cavities on homologous contra-lateral posterior teeth
in 28 selected subjects were lined with either One-Step Plus (a
bonding system that utilizes phosphoric acid conditioner) or
Clearfil SE Bond with a self-etching primer, and then restored
with a hybrid resin composite. Post-operative sensitivity was
assessed subjectively by asking the patient to classify pain
from the restored tooth into none, mild or severe; and
objectively by measuring the time it took for the patient to
feel cold sensation when standardized ice stick was placed
against the mid-buccal surface of the tooth. Results:
Subjective assessment showed that post-operative sensitivity was
mild with either of the bonding systems; and marginal
homogeneity test showed no statistically significant difference
in the prevalence of post-operative sensitivity (P> 0.05),
although there was a trend towards decreasing sensitivity with
Clearfil SE Bond as post-operative period increased (P= 0.027).
In the objective assessment, repeated measures of ANOVA showed
that cold response measurements increased significantly with
post-operative period only in the teeth lined with Clearfil SE
Bond (P< 0.05), indicating decreasing post-operative
sensitivity. However, paired t-test showed no significant
difference between the cold response measurements obtained for
the two bonding systems (P> 0.05). (Am J Dent 2006;19:
151-154).
Clinical significance: Post-operative
sensitivity was mild, and not significantly different in
occlusal posterior composites, on homologous teeth, lined with
the adhesive resin utilizing either phosphoric acid conditioner
or self-etching primer. Unlike the resin composites lined with
the adhesive resin involving the use of phosphoric acid
conditioner, however, post-operative sensitivity decreased
significantly with post-operative period in the composites that
received adhesive resin liner with a self-etching primer.
Address: Professor E.S. Akpata, Department of
Restorative Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University,
P.O. Box 24923, Safat, 13110, Kuwait. E-mail:
akpata@hsc.edu.kw
Optical properties of four esthetic
restorative materials
after accelerated
aging
Yong-Keun Lee, dds,
phd, Huan Lu,
dds, phd & John
M. Powers, phd
Abstract: Purpose: To
determine the differences in CIE L*, a*, and b* values,
translucency parameter (TP), opalescence parameter (ΔO*ab),
and color difference caused by the fluorescence (ΔE*ab-FL)
of resin composite, glass-ionomer, resin-modified glass-ionomer,
and compomer of A2 shade before and after accelerated aging.
Methods: Color and spectral distribution of
the materials were measured according to the CIELAB color scale
relative to the standard illuminant D65 in the transmittance and
reflectance modes. Aging was performed in an accelerated aging
chamber with an energy exposure of 150 kJ/m2. The
translucency parameter (TP) was calculated as the color
difference (ΔE*ab) of the specimen over white and
black backgrounds. Opalescence parameter (ΔO*ab) was
calculated as the difference in blue-yellow coordinate (Δb*) and
red-green coordinate (Δa*) between the transmitted and reflected
colors of a 1 mm-thick specimen. Color difference by the
fluorescence (ΔE*ab-FL) in reflectance mode was
calculated as an index of fluorescence. Differences and changes
in optical properties were analyzed by the repeated-measures
ANOVA. Results: Type of material and the
mode of measurement (transmittance and reflectance) influenced
CIE L*, a* and b* values significantly (P< 0.05) before aging.
Accelerated aging influenced CIE L*, a* and b* values. Aging and
the type of material influenced TP, ΔO*ab and ΔE*ab-FL
values significantly (P< 0.05). (Am J Dent
2006;19:155-158).
Clinical significance: Color parameters,
translucency, opalescence and fluorescence of resin composite,
glass-ionomer, resin-modified glass-ionomer, and compomer of A2
shade were affected differently by accelerated aging.
Address: Dr. Yong-Keun Lee, Department of Dental
Biomaterials Science, Dental Research Institute, College of
Dentistry, Seoul National University, 28 Yeongeon-dong,
Jongro-gu, Seoul, Korea.
E-mail:
ykleedm@snu.ac.kr
Comparison between two glass-ionomer sealants placed using
finger pressure (ART approach) and a ball burnisher
Nabil Beiruti, dds,
ddph, Jo E. Frencken,
bds, msc, phd &
Jan Mulder, ti
Abstract: Purpose: To
compare in vitro marginal leakage and fissure penetration
depth of sealants placed under finger pressure (ART) and a ball
burnisher. Methods: High-viscosity glass-ionomer
hand-mixed Fuji IX GP and encapsulated Fuji IX GP Fast were used
to seal 72 patent occlusal pits and fissures according to the
ART approach or with the aid of a ball burnisher in surgically
removed molars. All teeth were thermocycled for 500 cycles in
water between 6 and 55ºC, then varnished until 1 mm from the
sealant, submerged in 1% methylene blue for 4 hours, had roots
dissected, crowns embedded in epoxy resin and sectioned before
examination with a light reflection microscope. Marginal leakage
at the enamel-sealant interface and fissure penetration depth
was measured on a scale of 0 to 4.
Results: There was no statistically significant
difference in marginal leakage (P= 0.62) and fissure penetration
depth (P= 0.46) between sealants placed using the application
procedures. One of the operators scored statistically
significant lower on the marginal leakage and higher on fissure
penetration depth in sealants produced using finger pressure
than with a ball burnisher (P= 0.01). All nine sealants placed
by this operator using finger pressure and encapsulated glass-ionomer
showed no marginal leakage. The mean fissure penetration depth
of these sealants was 3.6 (SD=0.9). (Am J Dent
2006;19:159-162).
Clinical significance: If one has to
choose between applying high-viscosity glass-ionomers in pits
and fissures with a ball burnisher or under pressure with a
petroleum jelly thinly coated gloved finger (ART approach),
results of this study lean towards using the latter. The
petroleum jelly impregnated top layer needs to be fully removed
in the finishing process.
Address: Dr. J.E. Frencken, Radboud University
Medical Centre, College of Dental Sciences, WHO Collaborating
Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
E-mail:
j.frencken@dent.umcn.nl
Incidence of periodontal diagnosis in
private dental practice
Patricia Ramos Cury,
phd, Marília
Trierveiler Martins,
phd, Marcelo Bonecker,
phd
& Ney Soares de Araújo,
phd
Abstract: Purpose: To
evaluate the rates of periodontal examination in private dental
practices in Brazil. Methods: 235 dentists,
117 female and 118 males (mean age 33.1 years), presenting
different levels of experience (mean: 11.2 years) were audited.
In each dental practice, a team of two trained auditors
evaluated dental examination kits for the presence of a
periodontal probe, and checked whether there was any specific
diagram to record the periodontal status of the patient in the
model of clinical charts. The dentists were then asked whether
or not they performed periodontal probing and radiographic
examination of periodontal structures in all their patients. The
degree of association between variables was evaluated using
Chi-square or correlation tests. Results:
The dentists, 117 female and 118 males, were from 22 to 62 years
old (mean age, 33.1 years), and presented 0.5 to 40 years of
experience (mean of 11.2 years). Of the 235 clinicians, 19.3%
performed periodontal probing in all their patients, and 17.5%
of them record the periodontal examination, 48.9% of the
professionals occasionally performed periodontal probing while
31.8% did not perform periodontal probing at all. Specialists in
prosthodontics, and dentists having more than two specialties,
excluding periodontists, performed periodontal probing more
frequently than other specialists. (Am J Dent 2006;19:
163-165).
Clinical significance: Periodontitis can
be found in most dental patients, thus all dental patients
should receive thorough periodontal examination. However,
evidence suggests that most dentists fail to perform adequate
periodontal diagnoses, which calls for changes in the
profession’s attitudes toward the importance of periodontal
disease diagnosis.
Address: Dr. Patricia R. Cury, Dept. of
Microbiology and Immunology, São Leopoldo Mandic Dental Research
Institute, R. José Rocha Junqueira, 13, CEP 13041-445, Campinas,
SP, Brazil.
E-mail:
patriciacury@slmandic.com.br
Is an antibacterial adhesive system more
effective than cavity disinfectants?
Murat Türkün, dds,
phd, L. Şebnem Türkün,
dds, phd,
Zeynep Ergücü, dds,
phd & Mustafa Ateş,
phd
Abstract: Purpose: To
compare the antibacterial activity of an adhesive system
containing an antibacterial monomer MDPB, Clearfil Protect Bond
with three different cavity disinfectants, chlorhexidine
gluconate-based Consepsis, benzalkonium chloride-based Tubulicid
Red and 3% hydrogen peroxide. Methods:
Materials were tested using agar well technique and a tooth
cavity model. The test materials were filled in the agar wells
of plates inoculated with Streptococcus mutans. After 48
hours of incubation, the zones of inhibitions were measured in
millimeters. For the tooth cavity model test, cylindrical
cavities were prepared in the flat occlusal dentin of human
extracted molars. The teeth were left in a broth culture of
Streptococcus mutans at 37°C for 72 hours allowing bacteria
to invade. Teeth were then randomly assigned into five groups of
five teeth (10 cavity preparations) each. In the first four
groups test materials were applied into the cavities following
the manufacturer’s instructions and the cavities in the fifth
group were left untreated for control. The teeth were kept in
saline for 72 hours. Standard amounts of dentin chips were
obtained from the cavity walls and the number of bacteria
recovered was counted. Results: The results
were analyzed by ANOVA, Dunnett C and Bonferroni tests. For the
agar well technique, Clearfil Protect Bond primer exhibited
greater inhibition zones than all three cavity disinfectants (P<
0.05). When tested by the cavity method, the application of
Clearfil Protect Bond system resulted in significantly less
bacterial recovery than all disinfectants (P< 0.05). For both
microbiological methods, there were no significant differences
between the antibacterial activities of Consepsis and Tubulicid
Red (P> 0.05). They were superior to hydrogen peroxide in the
cavity test method (P< 0.05). (Am J Dent
2006;19:166-170).
Clinical significance: Clearfil Protect
Bond system was able to inactivate the bacteria in the cavity
more effectively than the tested cavity disinfectants.
Address: Dr. L. Şebnem Türkün, Department of
Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Ege University School of
Dentistry, 35100 Izmir - Turkey. E-mail:
sebnemturkun@hotmail.com
In
vitro enamel caries formation and orthodontic bonding agents
Karin Cain,
dds, ms, John
Hicks, dds, ms, phd,
md, Jeryl English,
dds, Catherine
Flaitz, dds, ms,
John M. Powers,
phd & Terry
Rives, phd
Abstract:
Purpose: To examine, in vitro, the
caries-like lesion formation in enamel adjacent to
fluoride-releasing orthodontic bonding agents using polarized
light microscopic techniques. Methods: 40
human extracted permanent third molars with sound enamel smooth
surfaces were divided into two treatment groups: Light Bond
group, a fluoride-releasing filled resin orthodontic bonding
agent (n=20); and Pro Seal group, an orthodontic bonding agent
with glass-ionomer (n=20). Prior to bonding agent placement on
the buccal surfaces, acid-resistant varnish was applied to the
molar teeth leaving a 2 mm (occlusal-cervical direction) by 5 mm
(mesial-distal direction) exposed sound enamel window on the
buccal surfaces of each molar tooth. The exposed window had the
assigned orthodontic bonding agent applied, according to the
manufacturer’s instructions. With each specimen, a 1 mm (occlusal-cervical
direction) by 5 mm (mesiodistal direction) sound enamel window
was exposed by selectively removing the acid-resistant varnish
on the opposing lingual or palatal surface with each molar
tooth, and serving as a matched internal control with each
molar. The molar teeth were then sectioned into buccal and
lingual/palatal tooth halves. Acid-resistant varnish was applied
to the cut surfaces. Each group underwent synthetic saliva
rinsing for 2 weeks prior to in vitro caries formation
using a modified ten Cate solution over a 2-week lesion
initiation period. Longitudinal sections (three per treatment
and control groups) were taken for polarized light study. The
remaining tooth portions were exposed to synthetic saliva
rinsing for 1 week and then exposed to the in vitro
caries solution for an additional 1-week period to allow for
lesion progression within the exposed enamel windows
(progression 1 period). Longitudinal sections (three per
treatment and control groups) were taken at the end of lesion
progression 1 for polarized light study. After lesion
progression 1, the remaining tooth portions were exposed to
synthetic saliva rinsing for 1 week and then exposed to the
in vitro caries solution for 1 week to allow for additional
lesion progression within the exposed enamel windows
(progression 2 period). Longitudinal sections (three per
treatment and control groups) were taken at the end of lesion
progression 2 for polarized light study. All longitudinal
sections from the treatment and control groups at all three time
periods (lesion initiation, progression 1 and progression 2)
were imbibed with water and examined with polarized light
microscopy to determine lesion depths and evaluate the
enamel-resin interface. Mean (SD) lesion depths were determined
and compared (ANOVA, t-test). Results:
Following lesion initiation, lesion progression 1 and lesion
progression 2 periods, both treatment groups exhibited
significant reductions in mean lesion depth when compared with
the matched no treatment control group (P< 0.05). The Pro Seal
group exhibited statistically significant reductions in mean
lesion depths when compared with those for the Light Bond group
at lesion initiation, lesion progression 1 and lesion
progression 2 periods (P< 0.05, ANOVA, t-test). Both
orthodontic bonding agents showed intact and intimate
enamel-bonding agent interfaces with no lesion formation within
the underlying bonded enamel. Caries-like lesions were only
present in the exposed enamel windows adjacent to the
orthodontic bonding agents. (Am J Dent 2006;19: 187-192).
Clinical
significance: Caries formation adjacent to orthodontic
brackets in adolescence is a common occurrence. The use of
fluoride-releasing orthodontic adhesives may help to reduce the
prevalence of white spot lesion formation adjacent to
orthodontic brackets and result in an esthetically pleasing and
healthy smile and dentition.
Address: Dr. John
Hicks, Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital,
Baylor College of Medicine, 6621 Fannin St. MC1-2261, Houston,
TX, 77030-2313 USA. E-mail:
mjhicks@texaschildrenshospital.org
The incidence of pulp healing defects
with direct capping materials
Peter E. Murray,
phd & Franklin
García-Godoy, dds, ms
Abstract: Purpose: To
(1) study the injury and healing activity of the pulp tissue to
calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], resin composite (RC) and
resin-modified glass-ionomer (RMGI) materials when used as
direct pulp capping agents, and (2) compare the incidence of
healing defects between these materials. Methods:
135 Class V pulp exposed cavities were prepared in non-human
primate teeth. Direct pulp capping was conducted over 6 to 730
days with hard set Ca(OH)2, RMGI and CR materials.
Healing defects recorded were: (1) bacterial leakage with McKays
stain; (2) operative debris including dentin fragments and
particles of capping material; (3) pulpal inflammatory activity
according to FDI standards; (4) area and absence of dentin
bridge formation; and (5) presence of tunnel defects in bridge.
Statistical analysis was evaluated using ANOVA. Results:
The capping materials were associated with varying levels of
pulp healing defects, including tunnel defects (P= 0.0001);
operative debris (P= 0.0001); pulpal inflammatory cell activity
(P= 0.0073) and bacterial leakage (P= 0.0260). Other healing
defects, and the area of dentin bridge were not influenced by
capping materials (P> 0.05). (Am J Dent 2006;19:
171-177).
Clinical significance: Pulp healing
defects have some relationship with treatment failure, but the
general lack of information on material-pulp interactions
remains problematic. Resin composite and resin-modified glass-ionomer
materials can optimize healing following pulp capping, because
they appear to reduce the number of defects in comparison with
Ca(OH)2.
Address: Dr. Peter. E. Murray, Department of
Endodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern
University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL
33328, USA. E-mail:
petemurr@nova.edu
Indications and limitations of Er:YAG
laser applications in dentistry
Carl Bader,
med dent & Ivo
Krejci, prof, dr med
dent
Abstract: Purpose: To
describe the development, indications, and limitations of Er:YAG
lasers in the dental field. Methods: A
review based on the literature search in PubMed and completed by
other documents was performed. Results:
Based on the synthesis of the reviewed literature different
topics concerning the Er:YAG effects and applications in
dentistry are discussed and recommendations for the use of this
type of laser are given. (Am J Dent 2006;19: 178-186).
Clinical significance: This literature
review allows the practitioner to better decide on the proper
indications and limitations of Er:YAG lasers in dentistry.
Address: Prof. Dr. Ivo Krejci, Division of
Cariology and Endodontology, School of Dentistry, University of
Geneva, Rue Barthélemy-Menn 19, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
E-mail:
ivo.krejci@medecine.unige.ch
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